Related file: See the blanks2.htm file in Part 1.
Part of the blame for the decline [in the popularity of American brilliant cut glass] must be attributed to the glass factories themselves for attempting to substitute cheaper imitation wares. To reduce the ever-increasing cost of the cutting operation, some factories first pressed a design into a blank mold and then hand cut and finished the piece. -- Carl U. Fauster, in LIBBEY GLASS, SINCE 1818 (1979)
Given what we now know about the Libbey Glass Company, the foregoing statement is a surprise. It contains the only reference in Fauster's book to what, today, is usually called "figured" blanks. It might be thought that the author was engaging in a cover-up in the quote because he directs attention to "some factories" without mentioning Libbey's own role in the use of "figured" blanks. That role, which was significant, is not entirely clear even today. It is hoped that this file will stimulate discussion of this important topic.
At the time Fauster's book was written, during the 1970s, the attention of knowledgeable dealers and collectors was increasingly directed to the "figured" blanks that were frequently encountered in the marketplace but were seldom identified as such. It is not a new factor in the collecting of cut glass. Daniel had discussed the subject as early as 1950. Nevertheless, as a subject of discussion the "figured" blank was a somewhat sub-rose one in the 1970s. Even the American Cut Glass Association, which was founded in 1978, held its council on the subject for several years.
Carl U. Fauster spent his career on the business, rather than the technical, side of glassmaking. Although he had access to the extensive collection of Libbey glass that is now housed at the Toledo Museum of Art, it is likely that he unintentionally passed over the evidence of "figured" blanks in the Museum's collection because of his ignorance of the subject, a more appealing suggestion than one involving a cover-up. K. M. Wilson (1994), on the other hand, who has discussed the same collection in detail, has described several examples of "figured" blanks that can be found in the Museum's collection of Libbey glass. Regrettably, Fauster's lack of attention to "figured" blanks has given rise to the myth that the Libbey Glass Company never used them. As suggested at the end of this file it would be a worthwhile project to assemble a register of all of Libbey "figured" blanks -- a difficult, but not impossible, task.
Products that were cut on "figured" blanks are not necessarily "cheap" in appearance. They can be impressive. This observation is illustrated by the two signed Libbey examples that are analyzed in the following sections:
The following two images are oblique views of a 9"D berry or salad bowl whose pattern-name has not yet been discovered. All of the major miter cuts in this bowl were "pre-formed", as were the raised centers of the hobstars, including the central hobstar. Distortions ("flow patterns"), noticeable in the uncut area of the blank near the bowl's rim, indicate that the rim's scallops and notches were also moulded. Only the rim's bevel appears to have been hand-cut.
The following photographs give the reader some indication of the expertise that was brought to the cutting of the motifs contained within the bowl's pre-formed miters. It is no exaggeration to state that the high-quality cutting on this bowl compares favorably to that on Libbey's famous "St. Louis" punch bowl (1904), which is best seen on the dust jacket of Revi's book (1965). Like that masterpiece this bowl also uses double Brunswick stars (note 1), a motif that is not often seen on Libbey's cut glass. These uncommon stars have been cut on the hobnails of the bowl's four main hobstars and on the central hobstar, and, as can be seen in the photographs, they are crisply cut, a characteristic that is typical of the company's quality cutting at this time. The miniaturized cane cutting also required a high level of expertise, especially because no double-mitered (ganged) wheels were used to cut the cane's paired miters.
The same bowl, rotated 045 deg:
Although the archives of the Libbey Glass Company are extensive, there is no complete compilation of the patterns and shapes used by the company over the years. In the following analysis it has not been possible to compare shapes that are identical, but the two that are compared are similar:
It is assumed that the Leota pattern, below on the left, probably was produced only on "figured" blanks because (a) all of the items cut in this pattern that have been examined to date have been cut on "figured" blanks, and (b) for at least a short time -- presumably when the pattern was first introduced -- it was not signed, which would have been a radical departure for the company at that time. Possibly the company first wanted to "test market" its "figured" blanks before admitting them into the family! Leota was introduced together with two other patterns, Elmore and Sunset, each with similar restrictions. Several examples of the Sunset pattern have surfaced on "figured" blanks. At some time, presumably somewhat later, Libbey began issuing Sunset with an acid-etched trademark. Perhaps the other two patterns were also "signed" then.
LEFT: Image taken from LIBBEY GLASS COMPANY, LIBBEY CUT GLASS, THE CHOICE OF THE CONNOISSEUR, a composite catalog published by the American Cut Glass Association in co-operation with the Toledo Museum of Art, 1996. The Leota pattern is shown on shape no. 36, a 7"D plate with a list price of $5.00 (c1905). (Used with permission; image may not be reproduced without the written permission of the Toledo Museum of Art.) RIGHT: Plan view of the bowl shown above. Cut in an unknown pattern on a "figured" blank, shape no. 211, by the Libbey Glass Company and signed (note 2). D = 9.1" (23.2 cm), H = 3.6" (9.2 cm), wt = 3.9 lb (1.8 kg). Destroyed November 1998.
Each segment below is described by progressing from the rim of the object to its center:
Segments Leota Pattern Unknown Pattern
000 & 3-ribbed fan 7-ribbed cross-cut fan
090 & 16-pt hobstar with 20-pt hobstar with
180 & 8-pt Brunswick hobstar 12-pt double Brunswick
270 deg on the hobnail hobstar on the hobnail
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
045 & 3 fans and 3 8-pt 4 converging rows of bead-
135 & Brunswick hobstars ing between 2 quadri-
225 & laterals of small cane
315 deg Hexagon containing double- Hexagon containing 4 rows
mitered English strawberry of beading bordered
diamonds with strawberry diamonds
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
center 20-pt hobstar with an 8-pt 24-pt hobstar with a 16-pt
Brunswick hobstar on its double Brunswick hobstar
hobnail on its hobnail
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Tiny triangular areas, formed by three miters, are too small to carry
cuttings in the case of the Leota pattern. On the Unknown pattern
these areas are larger and are therefore cut, repeating the cross-cut
fan motif found at the apex of the 000, etc. degree segments.
There is no doubt that a "figured" blank, identical in design to that used for the Leota pattern, was also used to produce the "unknown" pattern -- a plate in the former case, a bowl in the latter case. However, it should be noted that Libbey also used identical "mitered patterns" for some of its non-figured patterns, patterns that were differentiated only by the motifs selected. This is clearly seen in the case of patent nos. 33,909 and 33,910 (Revi 1965, p. 34). These patterns, Sultana and "Silver Diamond", have identical "mitered outlines" that possibly were never figured because to date only fully-cut examples have been found. They were conceived five years before the appearance of the "figured" patterns analyzed here. Converging evidence suggests that Libbey did not begin to use "figured" blanks extensively until c1904. It is ironic that in this year of the Louisiana Purchase Centennial Exposition in St. Louis, MO -- with Libbey's cut-glass triumphs on display -- the company decided to venture onto the slippery slope of expediency. Such is the pressure of economic reality!
The pattern to be analyzed is clearly shown in Pearson and Pearson's DISCRIMINATING book (p. 137), reprinted in Pearson's ENCYCLOPEDIA, Vol. 2, p. 154. It also appears in Boggess 3 (illus. 642) but that photo is of poor quality. The following depiction of it is from the Internet. The pattern has been given the assigned name "Star & Leaves" pending discovery of its official name:
"Star & Leaves" pattern by Libbey (signed within a circle) on an 11.75"D plate that sold for $258 in 2006 at an eBay auction. The plate was in less than perfect condition, with a few minor chips and scratches. It was not advertised as having a "figured" blank (Image: Internet).
The nappy analyzed below which was once in the ariter's collection -- unfortunately, no image is available -- has a central star with five points as in the Pearson example. (The Boggess example has six, as in the above example.) Pearson describes the pattern as follows: "[Star] center with hobnail points, fine line cutting in shape of leaf, criss-crossed border near edge". He does not discuss the "figured" nature of his example.
The nappy has the following elements that are "figured":
Elements on the nappy that are not "figured" include the following: The "criss-crossed border near edge" which is a double zig-zag composed of triple-miter cuts (a ganged wheel was used) that form small diamond-shaped areas that contain 8-pt hobstars and cane, alternatingly. The star's central hobstar and the hobnailed areas found within the points of the star are also not "figured".
Nappy. "Star & Leaves" pattern signed Libbey (Libbey-in-a-circle, L and y disconnected -- small break; trademark 9.3). D = 8" (20.3 cm), H = 1.75" (2.2 cm), wt = 2.2 lb (1.0 kg). Perfect condition. Sold for $50 in 2006.
The writer has had a slight softening of his position regarding "figured" blanks since he took example no. 1 to task in November 1998 by destroying it. He has been even been heard to remark that the nappy, example no. 2, is really quite attractive and therefore worth saving. Nevertheless, the price it sold for, $50, clearly takes into account the nappy's "figured" blank.
Because "figured" blanks can frequently be found among the products of the Libbey Glass Company, readers are encouraged to report them to this writer. Now that a considerable amount of archival material for the Libbey company has been made public, it should be possible to remove much of the secrecy that surrounds the use of "figured" blanks by this company, as well as to evaluate the importance of Libbey's "figured" blanks from a perspective of a hundred years.
NOTES:
1. An 8-pt double Brunswick hobstar is shown, below on the left, together with an 8-pt standard (or single) Brunswick hobstar for comparison. On the Libbey bowl with the unknown pattern 12-pt double Brunswick hobstars (16-pt on the central hobstar) are used on the hobnails of the principle hobstars. The diameters of the hobnails on the "side" hobstars do not exceed 0.8" (20 mm); on the central hobstar the diameter of the hobnail is one inch (25 mm). All of the double Brunswick hobstars are cut with precision, a marked achievement given the very small working spaces. Did the master cutter of the "St. Louis" punch bowl, John Rufus Denman, also cut this bowl? The Brunswick star motif is discussed in the motifs5.htm file in Part 1.
2. The acid-etched trademark, found on the inside of the bowl near its rim, is an exact replica of the no. 3.1 trademark illustrated and discussed by Wilson (1994, p. 843) -- Libbey with L and Y tails not joined, and with the so-called short sword, that is, one with a length of about 1.0 cm. The top of the sword's hilt is in close proximity to the loop in the letter L. According to Wilson this trademark, with slight variations, can be found on glass as early as 1896, when it was registered, and as late as c1906 and "possibly as late as 1910" (Wilson 1994, p. 841). Several items known to have been exhibited in St. Louis in 1904 carry this trademark.
Updated 23 Jul 2007